Studies in philosophy: I. Tufts, J.H. On moral evolution. II. Willcos, W.F. The expansion of Europe in its influence upon population. III. Woods, R.A. Democracy a new unfolding of human power. IV. Sharp, F.C. An analysis of the moral judgment. V. Woodbridge, F.J.E. The problem of consciousness. VI. Norton, E.L. The intellectual element in music. VII. Raub, W.L. Pragmatism and Kantianism. VIII. Lyman, E.W. The influence of pragmatism upon the status of theology.--Studies in psychology: IX. Delabarre, E.B. Influence of surrounding (...) objects on the apparent direction of a line. X. Swift, E.J. Beginning a language; a contribution to the psychology of learning. XI. Pierce, A.H. An appeal from the prevailing doctrine of a detached subconsciousness. XII. Woodworth, R.S. The cause of a voluntary movement. XIII. Burnett, C.T. An experimental test of the classical theory of volition. (shrink)

"First published by Oxford University Press, 1916."--Title page verso.

A relaxed and short road to peace of mind uncomplicated by the intellect and personal history. This renowned German teacher advocates deconstructing the tyrants called "feelings" and the egocentered programming of many lifetimes.

First published in 1938. The aim of this book is to expound Kant’s _Critique of Judgement _by interpreting all the details in the light of what Kant himself declares to be his fundamental problem. _A Commentary on Kant’s Critique of Judgement _provides an excellent introduction to Kant’s third critique, and will be of interest to students of philosophy.

This article presents an analysis of "spirituality." Ryle said that a belief is not known to be truly held unless one bases crucial action on it; but the qualifications "truly" and "crucial" can be stripped away. Spirituality then becomes consistency of actual action with a belief; or in behavior analytic terms, spirituality is "rule-governed" behavior. Beliefs can function not only as "discriminative stimuli" but also as "reinforcing stimuli." A belief need not correspond to the world as experienced in order to (...) have these functions. Spirituality, thus far in the analysis, is only rule-governed behavior, regardless of the source of the rule and regardless of the content of the rule except that the rule must specify actually performable behavior so that consistency of the action with the belief can be assessed. The separation of action from belief is a form of alienation in a Marxian sense ; to paraphrase Kant, beliefs without actions are empty and actions without beliefs are blind. That is, a belief that is not acted upon is literally useless, and action that is not based on a belief is literally irrational. Alienation is resolved when action is based on "right" motives, which are motives based on a set of principles. Analogously, spirituality is a special kind of rule-governed behavior because the rules that govern this behavior are part of a coherent system that defines "rightness.". (shrink)

Philosophical analyses can aid scientists in several ways. For example, they can help resolve disagreements among scientists about issues such as the relative value of facts versus theories and observations versus inferences; they provide historical descriptions of how science went when it went well or badly and scientists can imitate these descriptions as though they were prescriptive rules; they identify "families" of theories and methodologies on the basis of common uses of key words, which can help scientists understand theories and (...) methodologies other than their own; and they can provide essential backgrounds for scientistsí debates about issues such as final causality, chance causality, and context effects. However, philosophical analyses cannot provide support for empirical findings or theoretical concepts. (shrink)

This paper defends the view of continuants as 'four-dimensional worms' against an argument of Geach's. This is to the effect that if continuants are four-dimensional worms then their stages either do, or do not, fall under the very general terms satisfied by the continuants themselves (a stage of a man either is, or is not, a man); but that either alternative is untenable. I try to show how the former alternative may be defended by appealing to some of Geach's own (...) ideas about identity; then go on to defend the four-dimensionalist view from a criticism of it by Mellor, and finish with an account of the intuitive distinction between process and continuant terms. (shrink)

There is preserved in Suidas' Lexicon a story about Polycrates of Samos and the island of Delos. It is offered by the lexicographer as an explanation of the phrase τατ σοι κα πύθια κα δλια , when used in a colloquial sense to mean ‘it's all the same to you’. Polycrates had instituted a festival on Delos and asked the Pythia whether to call it by the one name or the other. The phrase, which was supposed to have been the (...) Pythia's reply, was taken to mean that it was all the same to Polycrates whatever he called it, and the death of Polycrates, coming soon after, was interpreted as the fulfilment of the prophecy. Suidas cites Epicurus and Menander for the phrase itself, which was therefore in familiar use by the end of the fourth century B.C. As for the story about Polycrates, it is quite likely that Suidas' ultimate source was some writer of about that period, such as Demon, περ παροιμιν. It is very much in the manner of his fragments. (shrink)

Epistemische Notationen ist als Bezeichnung einer Schreibweise wie viele andere in der Philosophie gebräuchlichen Darstellungsmöglichkeiten eine Ausdrucks- und Redeeinführung. Dieselbe steht für eine sprachstufen- und typentheoretische Beschreibungsaltemative, die sowohl mit natürlicher Sprache als auch mit logisch-mathematischen Kalkülen verträglich ist. Vier Merkmale haben besonderes Gewicht: 1. E-Notationen (= Epistemische Notationen) sind wirklichkeitsrepräsentativ; 2. mengentheoretisch; 3. typentheoretisch; 4. sprachstufentheoretisch. Die durch Kombination dieser Charakteristika entstehende „Abstraktionszange" erlaubt es, normalsprachlich nicht faßbare „Interpretationskonstrukte" zu,,lokalisieren". Die Entstehungsgeschichte der,,Epistemischen Notationen" ist daher eng mit der Theorie (...) der Antinomienbildung verknüpft. Insofern ist dieser approach auch für antinomientheoretische Untersuchungenbesonders geeignet. Die sprachanalytische Verwendbarkeit dieses Ansatzes ist jedoch so allgemein, daß sich damit eine ganze Reihe schwer faßbarer philosophischer Probleme auf neue Weise analysieren lassen. Vor allem sind es Fragen der Bedeutung, Außersprachlichkeit und Selbstbezüglichkeit, die Begriffe wie,,exakt", „genau" oder „beweisbar" ins Licht einer zwar ungewohnten, aber kritisch befruchtenden Perspektive rücken. Epistemische Notationen sind deshalb ein erster Schritt zu einer realistischeren Einschätzung unserer künftigen philosophischen Möglichkeiten. (shrink)

Epistemische Notationen ist als Bezeichnung einer Schreibweise wie viele andere in der Philosophie gebräuchlichen Darstellungsmöglichkeiten eine Ausdrucks- und Redeeinführung. Dieselbe steht für eine sprachstufen- und typentheoretische Beschreibungsaltemative, die sowohl mit natürlicher Sprache als auch mit logisch-mathematischen Kalkülen verträglich ist. Vier Merkmale haben besonderes Gewicht: 1. E-Notationen (= Epistemische Notationen) sind wirklichkeitsrepräsentativ; 2. mengentheoretisch; 3. typentheoretisch; 4. sprachstufentheoretisch. Die durch Kombination dieser Charakteristika entstehende „Abstraktionszange" erlaubt es, normalsprachlich nicht faßbare „Interpretationskonstrukte" zu,,lokalisieren". Die Entstehungsgeschichte der,,Epistemischen Notationen" ist daher eng mit der Theorie (...) der Antinomienbildung verknüpft. Insofern ist dieser approach auch für antinomientheoretische Untersuchungenbesonders geeignet. Die sprachanalytische Verwendbarkeit dieses Ansatzes ist jedoch so allgemein, daß sich damit eine ganze Reihe schwer faßbarer philosophischer Probleme auf neue Weise analysieren lassen. Vor allem sind es Fragen der Bedeutung, Außersprachlichkeit und Selbstbezüglichkeit, die Begriffe wie,,exakt", „genau" oder „beweisbar" ins Licht einer zwar ungewohnten, aber kritisch befruchtenden Perspektive rücken. Epistemische Notationen sind deshalb ein erster Schritt zu einer realistischeren Einschätzung unserer künftigen philosophischen Möglichkeiten. (shrink)

This article reconstructs Nietzsche's shifting views on democracy in the period 1870–86 with reference to his enduring preoccupation with tyrannical concentrations of power and the conviction that radical pluralism offers the only effective form of resistance. As long as he identifies democracy with pluralism , he sympathizes with it as a site of resistance and emancipation. From around 1880 on, however, Nietzsche increasingly links it with tyranny, in the form of popular sovereignty, and with the promotion of uniformity, to the (...) exclusion of genuine pluralism. Democracy's emancipatory claims are reinterpreted as "misarchism," or hatred of authority, and Nietzsche looks to the "exceptional beings" excluded by democracy for sources of resistance to the "autonomous herd" and "mob rule." Against elitist readings of this move, it is argued that Nietzsche opposes the domination of the herd type under democracy from a standpoint in human diversity and a generic concern with the future of humankind. Exceptional individuals are conceived in pluralistic, agonal terms, as a community of legislators engaged in a process of transvaluation that serves the interests not of one or a few but of all of us: "the self-overcoming of the human.". (shrink)

British accounts of medical ethics concentrate on confidentiality to the exclusion of wider questions of privacy. This paper argues for consideration of privacy within medical ethics, and illustrates through the television series `Hospital', what may go awry when this wider concept is forgotten.

First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.